JDSU, a manufacturer based in California, makes brilliant, color-shifting paints that use the thin-film interference phenomenon found in butterfly wings and seashells. The company’s ChromaFlair® paint is used on cars, sports equipment, and building interiors.^P77

Combining sand, bacteria, nutrients, a nitrogen source, a calcium source, and water, biotech startup bioMASON “grows” bricks by leveraging the bacteria’s metabolic activities, which cause calcium carbonate to cement the sand together without firing.^P58 The company has started licensing their technology so bricks can be manufactured on-demand at a construction site.

Researchers at Harvard’s Wyss Institute are expanding modified biofilms into a materials platform, with applications in nanoelectronics, industrial biocatalysis, optically active biological coatings, microbial fuel cells, and bioremediation.^P50

Dyesol’s dye-sensitized solar cells, which mimic the electron transport chain in photosynthesis, are printed on thin, flexible plastic using non-toxic, low-energy manufacturing.^P78

With assistance from Terrapin, Cornell researcher Dr. Anil Netravali is developing a superhydrophobic coating for high voltage power lines that reduces ice buildup, electrical outages, and costly infrastructure damage during winter storms.^P52

At RPI, Dr. Rich Gross is synthesizing cost-effective, environmentally-friendly bioadhesives designed by mimicking the chemical and mechanistic features of marine mussels’ byssal threads. Terrapin worked with Dr. Gross to differentiate his technology from competitors and secure funding.^P53

Dr. Chunlei Guo at University of Rochester uses laser processing to produce superwicking materials that enable more efficient air conditioning. Terrapin worked with Dr. Guo to define the market value of his technology and secure funding.^P54

Ecovative grows mycelium in molds filled with agricultural waste. The fungi bind the waste fibers together into a solid mass, which is heat treated to produce a biodegradable alternative to harmful synthetic packaging and other products.^P62

Sharklet™ surface textures are used on products like medical devices, furniture, and cell phone cases. The plastic coatings have microscopic patterns inspired by sharkskin that repel bacteria without perpetuating antibiotic resistance.^P64

Engineers at Michigan State developed a sensor based on a fly’s ear that accurately detects the source of sounds using a mechanical lever system and neuronal signal processing.^P16

Inspired by fruit and vegetable peels, WikiPearls™, developed by WikiFoods, Inc., seal food and beverages in bite-sized, edible “wrappers” that obviate plastic packaging.^P65

Scientists at Harvard’s Wyss Institute coded 700 terabytes of data into less than one gram of DNA. The scientists believe that with further improvements, all the world’s data (1.8 zettabytes) could theoretically be stored in about 4 grams of DNA.^P15

Anti-reflective films inspired by the moth eye’s microstructure improve solar panel photo absorption by 5 to 10%.^P80

GE Global Research is using Morpho butterfly wing scale microstructures as inspiration for small, highly sensitive infrared sensors.^P76

Scientists at Sogang University have developed a microporous material inspired by the shell of the Hercules beetle that changes color in response to humidity levels. This material could be used in a low-power humidity sensor.^P73

Inspired by cephalopods, researchers at the Eugene Bell Center in Massachusetts are creating electronic-sensing and color changing sheets. These optical materials may be used in low-power electronic displays.^P74

After studying the photonic properties of the Margaritaria nobilius seed, researchers at MIT developed fibers that change color when stretched.^P75

Advanced Biomimetic Sensors claims that their patented BattCell prototype, inspired by the electric eel, uses a biomimetic membrane to enhance its power density beyond other fuel cell technologies.^P28

Building products manufacturer Sto Corp. developed a hydrophobic acrylic paint that mimics the self-cleaning properties of the lotus leaf.^P67

R&D firm Ceralink uses laminated object manufacturing, a rapid prototyping technique, to replicate bioinspired structures for use in clean energy applications. Terrapin worked with Ceralink to secure early-stage funding.^P61

Inspired by the slippery surface of the pitcher plant, this microscopic coating has applications in anti-fouling, heat exchange, and rapid defrosting. SLIPS Technologies was launched in 2014 after incubation at Harvard’s Wyss Institute.^P60

Trigger hairs inside the leaf of the carnivorous Venus flytrap act like electrical switches; when two are stimulated by an insect, the leaf closes. Such switches could inspire electrical devices made from abundant, non-toxic chemicals.^P11

Researchers found that a radial microstructure inspired by moth eyes increases light extraction of X-ray machine scintillators. This finding may enable lower dose radiation for imaging patients.^P72

Highly fracture-resistant sea sponge spinacles could inspire tougher optical glass fibers manufactured at room temperature.^P70

The prestin protein in animal ears converts vibrations into electrical signals. IntAct Labs, now Cambrian Innovation, embedded prestin proteins into “skins” that generate electricity from movement and wind.^P26

Inspired by the microscopic structure of nacre and teeth, researchers at McGill University developed deformable glass that is 200 times tougher than standard glass due to a pattern of micro-cracks.^P48

The developers of this highly impact-resistant composite material—inspired by the hard club of the Mantis shrimp—received an acquisition offer that provided initial seed investors a 10x return in only 18 months.^P49

The bacterium Caulobacter crescentus produces a biodegradable, waterproof adhesive with greater strain resistance than commercial super glues. Dr. Jay Tang at Brown University believes that mimicking its chemistry could yield a nontoxic glue that adheres underwater.^P44

Spider silk has high tensile strength, extensibility and toughness compared to synthetic fibers like Kevlar and nylon. Researchers are investigating how to produce similar fibers for extremely strong threads, cords, and cables.^P45

Some organisms control calcite deposition to build complex structures like eggs–a process that could inspire precise ceramic manufacturing techniques.^P1

Inspired by the tungara frog, which produces long-lasting foam nests, engineers at the University of Cincinnati developed a stable foam from one of the frog’s proteins and combined it with photosynthetic enzymes that convert CO2 to sugars and oxygen.^P4

Hydroponics and fish farming are combined based on the symbiotic flow of nutrients between the fish and plants. Fish waste provides nutrients to the plants, which filter the water for the fish.^P86

John Todd Ecological Design uses constructed wetlands and aquatic tanks containing various microbes, plants, and aquatic animals to filter wastewater.^P87

Created by Terrapin, the Framework for the Built Ecological Environment, or “Phoebe Framework,” is a suite of tools that use ecosystem-based assessment to: connect humans to natural systems; establish ecological functions and processes on-site, aligning the built environment to regional ecosystems; and integrate larger ecosystem impacts into planning and decision making. Phoebe merges sustainable design with environmental planning, industrial ecology, and restoration ecology.^P85

Modern Meadow is using tissue engineering techniques that prompt animal cells to grow into muscle tissue for meat. This system provides an alternative to environmentally-destructive animal farming.^P56

This closed-loop recycling scheme uses waste products like cardboard from restaurants to make products like caviar from farmed sturgeon. The concept could be replicated with other interrelated products to reduce waste and save energy and money.^P83

Ecovative grows mycelium in molds filled with agricultural waste. The fungi bind the waste fibers together into a solid mass, which is heat treated to produce a biodegradable alternative to harmful synthetic packaging and other products.^P62

Biotech startup Modern Meadow uses advanced tissue engineering techniques to make lab-grown leather that is analogous to leather produced from animals.^P59

Inspired by the way the Namib beetle collects water from fog, Seawater Greenhouses use cold seawater, air movement and solar radiation to condense and collect fresh water for crops.^P99

Researchers at MIT and Pontifical Catholic University of Chile have designed specialized fog mesh nets that condense and capture 10% of the water in fog, a strategy inspired by how some Chilean organisms collect water from fog.^P98

The Sahara Forest Project, proposed by British firm Exploration Architecture, combines evaporation from Seawater Greenhouses (see Water) with excess heat from adjacent concentrated solar plants in order to create moist microclimates that curb desertification.^P82

Terrapin helped secure early funding for research by Dr. Stipanovic at SUNY-ESF. He aims to isolate the digestive enzymes of Red Pandas – which efficiently convert biomass to fermentable sugars—for use in biofuel production.^P27

The spines of the cactus Opuntia microdasys have specialized structures that can collect and funnel fog droplets into its base, prompting interest in fog harvesting devices that mimic the spines’ structures.^P96

JDSU, a manufacturer based in California, makes brilliant, color-shifting paints that use the thin-film interference phenomenon found in butterfly wings and seashells. The company’s ChromaFlair® paint is used on cars, sports equipment, and building interiors.^P77

Taking inspiration from the material-efficient structures of organisms like sand dollars, architect Achim Menges constructed a bubble-like pavilion using interlocking timber panels.^P55

Some organisms control calcite deposition to build complex structures like eggs–a process that could inspire precise ceramic manufacturing techniques.^P1

Combining sand, bacteria, nutrients, a nitrogen source, a calcium source, and water, biotech startup bioMASON “grows” bricks by leveraging the bacteria’s metabolic activities, which cause calcium carbonate to cement the sand together without firing.^P58 The company has started licensing their technology so bricks can be manufactured on-demand at a construction site.

Researchers at Harvard’s Wyss Institute are expanding modified biofilms into a materials platform, with applications in nanoelectronics, industrial biocatalysis, optically active biological coatings, microbial fuel cells, and bioremediation.^P50

Modern Meadow is using tissue engineering techniques that prompt animal cells to grow into muscle tissue for meat. This system provides an alternative to environmentally-destructive animal farming.^P56

Ecovative grows mycelium in molds filled with agricultural waste. The fungi bind the waste fibers together into a solid mass, which is heat treated to produce a biodegradable alternative to harmful synthetic packaging and other products.^P62

Researchers at the Karp Lab in Cambridge, Massachusetts, are developing a sandcastle worm-inspired surgical glue that sets while inside organs.^P57

Ohio-based Pilus Energy, a subsidiary of Tauriga Sciences, is currently pilot testing its microbial fuel cell technology. As modified bacteria break down organics in wastewater, they produce electricity, treated water, and useful chemical compounds.^P32

Biotech startup Modern Meadow uses advanced tissue engineering techniques to make lab-grown leather that is analogous to leather produced from animals.^P59

Aquaporin A/S is pilot testing a membrane system embedded with biological water channels that can filter water using 80% less energy than conventional processes.^P100

Headquartered in California, BioWorld sells mixes of specialized bacteria that break down hydrocarbons into less harmful chemicals. These products are authorized by the EPA for use on oil spills.^P7

Trigger hairs inside the leaf of the carnivorous Venus flytrap act like electrical switches; when two are stimulated by an insect, the leaf closes. Such switches could inspire electrical devices made from abundant, non-toxic chemicals.^P11

Studying how tardigrades and other organisms undergo anhydrobiosis, or extreme desiccation, could lead to better preservation of organs for transplant.^P90

Terrapin helped secure early funding for research by Dr. Stipanovic at SUNY-ESF. He aims to isolate the digestive enzymes of Red Pandas – which efficiently convert biomass to fermentable sugars—for use in biofuel production.^P27

Scientists at Georgia Tech patented the use of biological enzymes that break down harmful carbon compounds into valuable chemicals.^P5

Contractions in humpback whale hearts are controlled by nano-fibers that conduct electrical signals through an otherwise non-conductive grease coating the heart. Mimicking this concept using carbon nanowires could lead to a new type of pacemaker.^P46

NASA contractors compared designs for a spacecraft antenna, one of which was developed using an evolutionary algorithm and the other using conventional engineering. The former outperformed the latter in functionality and reduced design time.^P22

Combining sand, bacteria, nutrients, a nitrogen source, a calcium source, and water, biotech startup bioMASON “grows” bricks by leveraging the bacteria’s metabolic activities, which cause calcium carbonate to cement the sand together without firing.^P58 The company has started licensing their technology so bricks can be manufactured on-demand at a construction site.

California-based Blue Planet synthesizes cement additives and other green building materials from waste carbon flue streams to make carbon-negative concrete. Terrapin is working with Blue Planet to identify potential demonstration sites in New York State.^P6

Inspired by the way bones grow, software developer Altair created structural analysis software that uses an evolutionary algorithm to find the optimum shape for components, reducing weight and materials without compromising strength.^P24

Taking inspiration from the material-efficient structures of organisms like sand dollars, architect Achim Menges constructed a bubble-like pavilion using interlocking timber panels.^P55

Created by Terrapin, the Framework for the Built Ecological Environment, or “Phoebe Framework,” is a suite of tools that use ecosystem-based assessment to: connect humans to natural systems; establish ecological functions and processes on-site, aligning the built environment to regional ecosystems; and integrate larger ecosystem impacts into planning and decision making. Phoebe merges sustainable design with environmental planning, industrial ecology, and restoration ecology.^P85

Ecovative grows mycelium in molds filled with agricultural waste. The fungi bind the waste fibers together into a solid mass, which is heat treated to produce a biodegradable alternative to harmful synthetic packaging and other products.^P62

Inspired by the saguaro cactus, Dr. Letchford at RPI is studying the aerodynamics of vertically-grooved, slender cylinders to define optimal geometries for reduced wind loading on tall buildings.^P34

Created by Terrapin, the Framework for the Built Ecological Environment, or “Phoebe Framework,” is a suite of tools that use ecosystem-based assessment to: connect humans to natural systems; establish ecological functions and processes on-site, aligning the built environment to regional ecosystems; and integrate larger ecosystem impacts into planning and decision making. Phoebe merges sustainable design with environmental planning, industrial ecology, and restoration ecology.^P85

The form of the Lily Impeller, a highly efficient industrial mixer designed by PAX Scientific, was inspired by the aerodynamic shape of bird wings, rotating maple seeds, and other natural structures.^P43

After studying how birds in flight avoid spider webs, the European glass manufacturer Arnold Glas commercialized ORNILUX, a spider web-patterned UV reflective glass that reduces bird collisions by 77%.^P81

Dr. Chunlei Guo at University of Rochester uses laser processing to produce superwicking materials that enable more efficient air conditioning. Terrapin worked with Dr. Guo to define the market value of his technology and secure funding.^P54

Artificial immune systems are inspired by the way higher organism immune systems detect foreign bodies and adapt to rid the body of them. These algorithms are used in computer security, robotics, and fault detection.^P21

Inspired by the tubercles found on whale fins, WhalePower developed blades with bumps along the leading edges that allow for very high stall angles. Envira-North Systems in Ontario applied the technology to their high volume, low speed Altra-Air fan.^P41

GE Global Research is using Morpho butterfly wing scale microstructures as inspiration for small, highly sensitive infrared sensors.^P76

In collaboration with Terrapin Bright Green, Dr. Rupert Soar and Dr. Scott Turner are developing a passive humidity damping device based on the fungal combs in termite mounds. The device will stabilize humidity in building spaces, reducing a building’s energy demands.^P97

The prestin protein in animal ears converts vibrations into electrical signals. IntAct Labs, now Cambrian Innovation, embedded prestin proteins into “skins” that generate electricity from movement and wind.^P26

Combining sand, bacteria, nutrients, a nitrogen source, a calcium source, and water, biotech startup bioMASON “grows” bricks by leveraging the bacteria’s metabolic activities, which cause calcium carbonate to cement the sand together without firing.^P58 The company has started licensing their technology so bricks can be manufactured on-demand at a construction site.

California-based Blue Planet synthesizes cement additives and other green building materials from waste carbon flue streams to make carbon-negative concrete. Terrapin is working with Blue Planet to identify potential demonstration sites in New York State.^P6

The developers of this highly impact-resistant composite material—inspired by the hard club of the Mantis shrimp—received an acquisition offer that provided initial seed investors a 10x return in only 18 months.^P49

Some organisms control calcite deposition to build complex structures like eggs–a process that could inspire precise ceramic manufacturing techniques.^P1

Researchers at Harvard’s Wyss Institute are expanding modified biofilms into a materials platform, with applications in nanoelectronics, industrial biocatalysis, optically active biological coatings, microbial fuel cells, and bioremediation.^P50

California-based Blue Planet synthesizes cement additives and other green building materials from waste carbon flue streams to make carbon-negative concrete. Terrapin is working with Blue Planet to identify potential demonstration sites in New York State.^P6

At Cornell University, Dr. Geoff Coates is developing an enzyme-like catalyst to synthesize biodegradable polyesters produced using significantly less energy than conventional polyester. Terrapin worked closely with Dr. Coates to develop research proposals and secure funding.^P51

The form of the Lily Impeller, a highly efficient industrial mixer designed by PAX Scientific, was inspired by the aerodynamic shape of bird wings, rotating maple seeds, and other natural structures.^P43

With assistance from Terrapin, Cornell researcher Dr. Anil Netravali is developing a superhydrophobic coating for high voltage power lines that reduces ice buildup, electrical outages, and costly infrastructure damage during winter storms.^P52

Licensed to Swedish Biomimetics 3000, μMist^® Platform Technology mimics the high velocity spray valve of the Bombardier Beetle to vaporize liquids using lower pressure than conventional systems. μMist could lead to more efficient combustion engines.^P30

Ohio-based Pilus Energy, a subsidiary of Tauriga Sciences, is currently pilot testing its microbial fuel cell technology. As modified bacteria break down organics in wastewater, they produce electricity, treated water, and useful chemical compounds.^P32

Developed by Columbia Forest Products, this soy-based glue mimics mussel adhesive. The North American panel manufacturer uses PureBond to laminate plywood without added formaldehyde.^P68

Studies of the electric Torpedo ray and frog leg nerve responses led Alessandro Volta to build the first battery, the Voltaic pile, by stacking metal and salt-soaked discs in a similar arrangement to the discs within the fish’s electric organ.^P33

Inspired by the way the Namib beetle collects water from fog, Seawater Greenhouses use cold seawater, air movement and solar radiation to condense and collect fresh water for crops.^P99

Novomer took inspiration from photosynthetic organisms and developed a process that sequesters carbon by converting waste CO₂ and CO into useful chemical polymers.^P8 Currently, Ford is developing foams and plastics for its vehicles using the technology.^P111

Scientists at Georgia Tech patented the use of biological enzymes that break down harmful carbon compounds into valuable chemicals.^P5

Dr. Nomura at SUNY-ESF is producing low-embodied energy, keratin‐inspired polymers to be used as crosslinking agents in resins and coatings, replacing petroleum‐derived crosslinkers. Terrapin worked with the research team to find applications for the technology and secure funding.^P47

Terrapin assisted Dr. Dinolfo at RPI in securing funds for research that evaluates the rate and efficacy of an inexpensive catalyst. The catalyst mimics the water-splitting complex in plants and is used in artificial photosynthetic devices, zinc-air batteries, and other oxidation-dependent systems.^P2

Dr. Wan at RIT is developing a leaf-mimicking microfluidic device to convert CO2 into valuable chemical products like methane and methanol. Terrapin helped secure funding for this project.^P3

Plastics manufacturer HARBEC incorporated internal cooling channels in its molds, mimicking the flow patterns in dicot leaves, to dissipate heat more effectively. The new molds reduce cooling time and energy consumption by more than 20%. The increase in production speed has allowed HARBEC to fulfill tighter turn-around times.^P92

The form of the Lily Impeller, a highly efficient industrial mixer designed by PAX Scientific, was inspired by the aerodynamic shape of bird wings, rotating maple seeds, and other natural structures.^P43

Researchers at Georgia Tech developed an internet server system that adapts to user demand the way bees adapt to changing food sources: by communicating the new locations back to the hive. The system increased one web hosting company’s revenues by 20%.^P18

Artificial immune systems are inspired by the way higher organism immune systems detect foreign bodies and adapt to rid the body of them. These algorithms are used in computer security, robotics, and fault detection.^P21

Scientists at IBM and Cornell Tech developed a chip inspired by neural networks that increases performance during data-intensive computations and drastically reduces power consumption.^P19

Scientists at Harvard’s Wyss Institute coded 700 terabytes of data into less than one gram of DNA. The scientists believe that with further improvements, all the world’s data (1.8 zettabytes) could theoretically be stored in about 4 grams of DNA.^P15

Inspired by the tubercles found on whale fins, WhalePower developed blades with bumps along the leading edges that allow for very high stall angles. Envira-North Systems in Ontario applied the technology to their high volume, low speed Altra-Air fan.^P41

GE Global Research is using Morpho butterfly wing scale microstructures as inspiration for small, highly sensitive infrared sensors.^P76

DNA-based computers could theoretically use chemical base pairs as “switches.” This would enable a much more space-efficient, non-toxic form of computing that would pack the computing power of the most powerful supercomputer into a drop of water.^P10

Researchers at Harvard’s Wyss Institute are expanding modified biofilms into a materials platform, with applications in nanoelectronics, industrial biocatalysis, optically active biological coatings, microbial fuel cells, and bioremediation.^P50

Plastics manufacturer HARBEC incorporated internal cooling channels in its molds, mimicking the flow patterns in dicot leaves, to dissipate heat more effectively. The new molds reduce cooling time and energy consumption by more than 20%. The increase in production speed has allowed HARBEC to fulfill tighter turn-around times.^P92

The form of the Lily Impeller, a highly efficient industrial mixer designed by PAX Scientific, was inspired by the aerodynamic shape of bird wings, rotating maple seeds, and other natural structures.^P43

Artificial immune systems are inspired by the way higher organism immune systems detect foreign bodies and adapt to rid the body of them. These algorithms are used in computer security, robotics, and fault detection.^P21

NASA contractors compared designs for a spacecraft antenna, one of which was developed using an evolutionary algorithm and the other using conventional engineering. The former outperformed the latter in functionality and reduced design time.^P22

Scientists at IBM and Cornell Tech developed a chip inspired by neural networks that increases performance during data-intensive computations and drastically reduces power consumption.^P19

Engineers at Michigan State developed a sensor based on a fly’s ear that accurately detects the source of sounds using a mechanical lever system and neuronal signal processing.^P16

Compound insect eyes can detect movement much faster than traditional cameras. This capacity has inspired novel vision sensors for aerial systems, robotics, high-speed inspection in manufacturing, and other applications.^P17

Scientists at Harvard’s Wyss Institute coded 700 terabytes of data into less than one gram of DNA. The scientists believe that with further improvements, all the world’s data (1.8 zettabytes) could theoretically be stored in about 4 grams of DNA.^P15

Autonomous robot swarms, developed by researchers at Harvard’s Wyss Institute, organize themselves into complex shapes using swarm intelligence—a method of computation inspired by swarming organisms like ants, bees, birds, and bacteria.^P14

Scientists at Sogang University have developed a microporous material inspired by the shell of the Hercules beetle that changes color in response to humidity levels. This material could be used in a low-power humidity sensor.^P73

Inspired by cephalopods, researchers at the Eugene Bell Center in Massachusetts are creating electronic-sensing and color changing sheets. These optical materials may be used in low-power electronic displays.^P74

BioPower Systems in Australia is developing fishtail-inspired modules that generate power from tidal currents. The fin of each module pivots relative to the direction of the current, creating a swimming motion that generates an electric current.^P29

Advanced Biomimetic Sensors claims that their patented BattCell prototype, inspired by the electric eel, uses a biomimetic membrane to enhance its power density beyond other fuel cell technologies.^P28

Studies of the electric Torpedo ray and frog leg nerve responses led Alessandro Volta to build the first battery, the Voltaic pile, by stacking metal and salt-soaked discs in a similar arrangement to the discs within the fish’s electric organ.^P33

Researchers at the Weizmann Institute in Israel found that bats track their positions in three dimensions using a donut-shaped coordinate system, which could inspire a new navigation system.^P9

DNA-based computers could theoretically use chemical base pairs as “switches.” This would enable a much more space-efficient, non-toxic form of computing that would pack the computing power of the most powerful supercomputer into a drop of water.^P10

Trigger hairs inside the leaf of the carnivorous Venus flytrap act like electrical switches; when two are stimulated by an insect, the leaf closes. Such switches could inspire electrical devices made from abundant, non-toxic chemicals.^P11

Metallized spider webs perform better than standard optoelectronic arrays and can be stretched without losing performance. This finding by several academic teams paves the way to next-generation flexible touch screens.^P71

The prestin protein in animal ears converts vibrations into electrical signals. IntAct Labs, now Cambrian Innovation, embedded prestin proteins into “skins” that generate electricity from movement and wind.^P26

Contractions in humpback whale hearts are controlled by nano-fibers that conduct electrical signals through an otherwise non-conductive grease coating the heart. Mimicking this concept using carbon nanowires could lead to a new type of pacemaker.^P46

After studying the photonic properties of the Margaritaria nobilius seed, researchers at MIT developed fibers that change color when stretched.^P75

The developers of this highly impact-resistant composite material—inspired by the hard club of the Mantis shrimp—received an acquisition offer that provided initial seed investors a 10x return in only 18 months.^P49

Spider silk has high tensile strength, extensibility and toughness compared to synthetic fibers like Kevlar and nylon. Researchers are investigating how to produce similar fibers for extremely strong threads, cords, and cables.^P45

Contractions in humpback whale hearts are controlled by nano-fibers that conduct electrical signals through an otherwise non-conductive grease coating the heart. Mimicking this concept using carbon nanowires could lead to a new type of pacemaker.^P46

Katherine Collins of Honeybee Capital proposed an investing framework that uses biological principles to encourage resilient, regenerative, and profitable investing activities.^P84

Artificial immune systems are inspired by the way higher organism immune systems detect foreign bodies and adapt to rid the body of them. These algorithms are used in computer security, robotics, and fault detection.^P21

Plastics manufacturer HARBEC incorporated internal cooling channels in its molds, mimicking the flow patterns in dicot leaves, to dissipate heat more effectively. The new molds reduce cooling time and energy consumption by more than 20%. The increase in production speed has allowed HARBEC to fulfill tighter turn-around times.^P92

Created by Terrapin, the Framework for the Built Ecological Environment, or “Phoebe Framework,” is a suite of tools that use ecosystem-based assessment to: connect humans to natural systems; establish ecological functions and processes on-site, aligning the built environment to regional ecosystems; and integrate larger ecosystem impacts into planning and decision making. Phoebe merges sustainable design with environmental planning, industrial ecology, and restoration ecology.^P85

The form of the Lily Impeller, a highly efficient industrial mixer designed by PAX Scientific, was inspired by the aerodynamic shape of bird wings, rotating maple seeds, and other natural structures.^P43

Modern Meadow is using tissue engineering techniques that prompt animal cells to grow into muscle tissue for meat. This system provides an alternative to environmentally-destructive animal farming.^P56

This closed-loop recycling scheme uses waste products like cardboard from restaurants to make products like caviar from farmed sturgeon. The concept could be replicated with other interrelated products to reduce waste and save energy and money.^P83

Inspired by fruit and vegetable peels, WikiPearls™, developed by WikiFoods, Inc., seal food and beverages in bite-sized, edible “wrappers” that obviate plastic packaging.^P65

Unilever developed a creamier, low-fat ice cream by adding an ice-structuring protein adopted from an arctic fish. The protein prevents large ice crystals from forming.^P95

Licensed to Swedish Biomimetics 3000, μMist^® Platform Technology mimics the high velocity spray valve of the Bombardier Beetle to vaporize liquids using lower pressure than conventional systems. μMist could lead to more efficient combustion engines.^P30

Researchers at MIT and Pontifical Catholic University of Chile have designed specialized fog mesh nets that condense and capture 10% of the water in fog, a strategy inspired by how some Chilean organisms collect water from fog.^P98

Studying how tardigrades and other organisms undergo anhydrobiosis, or extreme desiccation, could lead to better preservation of organs for transplant.^P90

After studying how birds in flight avoid spider webs, the European glass manufacturer Arnold Glas commercialized ORNILUX, a spider web-patterned UV reflective glass that reduces bird collisions by 77%.^P81

Anti-reflective films inspired by the moth eye’s microstructure improve solar panel photo absorption by 5 to 10%.^P80

Inspired by the slippery surface of the pitcher plant, this microscopic coating has applications in anti-fouling, heat exchange, and rapid defrosting. SLIPS Technologies was launched in 2014 after incubation at Harvard’s Wyss Institute.^P60

Highly fracture-resistant sea sponge spinacles could inspire tougher optical glass fibers manufactured at room temperature.^P70

Inspired by the microscopic structure of nacre and teeth, researchers at McGill University developed deformable glass that is 200 times tougher than standard glass due to a pattern of micro-cracks.^P48

“Dry” vaccines, created by Nova Laboratories in the U.K., do not require refrigeration. The active materials are encased in a sugar matrix, a technique inspired by organisms that undergo anhydrobiosis, or extreme desiccation.^P93

Created by Terrapin, the Framework for the Built Ecological Environment, or “Phoebe Framework,” is a suite of tools that use ecosystem-based assessment to: connect humans to natural systems; establish ecological functions and processes on-site, aligning the built environment to regional ecosystems; and integrate larger ecosystem impacts into planning and decision making. Phoebe merges sustainable design with environmental planning, industrial ecology, and restoration ecology.^P85

The California-based company Biomatrica developed processes akin to anhydrobiosis, or extreme desiccation, to stabilize fragile biological materials like DNA so they can be stored without refrigeration.^P94

Researchers at the Karp Lab in Cambridge, Massachusetts, are developing a sandcastle worm-inspired surgical glue that sets while inside organs.^P57

Artificial immune systems are inspired by the way higher organism immune systems detect foreign bodies and adapt to rid the body of them. These algorithms are used in computer security, robotics, and fault detection.^P21

Sharklet™ surface textures are used on products like medical devices, furniture, and cell phone cases. The plastic coatings have microscopic patterns inspired by sharkskin that repel bacteria without perpetuating antibiotic resistance.^P64

Scientists at IBM and Cornell Tech developed a chip inspired by neural networks that increases performance during data-intensive computations and drastically reduces power consumption.^P19

Inspired by the slippery surface of the pitcher plant, this microscopic coating has applications in anti-fouling, heat exchange, and rapid defrosting. SLIPS Technologies was launched in 2014 after incubation at Harvard’s Wyss Institute.^P60

Studying how tardigrades and other organisms undergo anhydrobiosis, or extreme desiccation, could lead to better preservation of organs for transplant.^P90

Researchers found that a radial microstructure inspired by moth eyes increases light extraction of X-ray machine scintillators. This finding may enable lower dose radiation for imaging patients.^P72

Contractions in humpback whale hearts are controlled by nano-fibers that conduct electrical signals through an otherwise non-conductive grease coating the heart. Mimicking this concept using carbon nanowires could lead to a new type of pacemaker.^P46

Global carpet manufacturer Interface developed modular carpet tiles with patterns that can be laid down randomly, without glue, mimicking variegated leaves on a forest floor.^P66

Novomer took inspiration from photosynthetic organisms and developed a process that sequesters carbon by converting waste CO₂ and CO into useful chemical polymers.^P8 Currently, Ford is developing foams and plastics for its vehicles using the technology.^P111

“Dry” vaccines, created by Nova Laboratories in the U.K., do not require refrigeration. The active materials are encased in a sugar matrix, a technique inspired by organisms that undergo anhydrobiosis, or extreme desiccation.^P93

Inspired by bee communication, Encycle’s Swarm Logic™ systems reduce a building’s energy draw, especially during peak hours, by using individual wireless controllers that coordinate when HVAC units power on.^P25

Plastics manufacturer HARBEC incorporated internal cooling channels in its molds, mimicking the flow patterns in dicot leaves, to dissipate heat more effectively. The new molds reduce cooling time and energy consumption by more than 20%. The increase in production speed has allowed HARBEC to fulfill tighter turn-around times.^P92

The form of the Lily Impeller, a highly efficient industrial mixer designed by PAX Scientific, was inspired by the aerodynamic shape of bird wings, rotating maple seeds, and other natural structures.^P43

The California-based company Biomatrica developed processes akin to anhydrobiosis, or extreme desiccation, to stabilize fragile biological materials like DNA so they can be stored without refrigeration.^P94

Dr. Chunlei Guo at University of Rochester uses laser processing to produce superwicking materials that enable more efficient air conditioning. Terrapin worked with Dr. Guo to define the market value of his technology and secure funding.^P54

Inspired by the tubercles found on whale fins, WhalePower developed blades with bumps along the leading edges that allow for very high stall angles. Envira-North Systems in Ontario applied the technology to their high volume, low speed Altra-Air fan.^P41

Licensed to Swedish Biomimetics 3000, μMist^® Platform Technology mimics the high velocity spray valve of the Bombardier Beetle to vaporize liquids using lower pressure than conventional systems. μMist could lead to more efficient combustion engines.^P30

In collaboration with Terrapin Bright Green, Dr. Rupert Soar and Dr. Scott Turner are developing a passive humidity damping device based on the fungal combs in termite mounds. The device will stabilize humidity in building spaces, reducing a building’s energy demands.^P97

The Japanese bullet train has a pointed nose inspired by the kingfisher’s beak that reduces noise and power consumption while increasing speed.^P42

Plastics manufacturer HARBEC incorporated internal cooling channels in its molds, mimicking the flow patterns in dicot leaves, to dissipate heat more effectively. The new molds reduce cooling time and energy consumption by more than 20%. The increase in production speed has allowed HARBEC to fulfill tighter turn-around times.^P92

Artificial immune systems are inspired by the way higher organism immune systems detect foreign bodies and adapt to rid the body of them. These algorithms are used in computer security, robotics, and fault detection.^P21

NASA contractors compared designs for a spacecraft antenna, one of which was developed using an evolutionary algorithm and the other using conventional engineering. The former outperformed the latter in functionality and reduced design time.^P22

Engineers at Michigan State developed a sensor based on a fly’s ear that accurately detects the source of sounds using a mechanical lever system and neuronal signal processing.^P16

Autonomous robot swarms, developed by researchers at Harvard’s Wyss Institute, organize themselves into complex shapes using swarm intelligence—a method of computation inspired by swarming organisms like ants, bees, birds, and bacteria.^P14

bioWAVE™, a wave energy generator developed by BioPower Systems, mimics the motion of ocean vegetation. The swaying motion generates power through a unique hydraulic system undergoing testing in a 250 kW demonstration project.^P31

R&D firm Ceralink uses laminated object manufacturing, a rapid prototyping technique, to replicate bioinspired structures for use in clean energy applications. Terrapin worked with Ceralink to secure early-stage funding.^P61

Volvo is investigating how to incorporate the unique collision avoidance abilities of swarming locusts into crash avoidance sensors for cars.^P13

Highly fracture-resistant sea sponge spinacles could inspire tougher optical glass fibers manufactured at room temperature.^P70

Inspired by the way bones grow, software developer Altair created structural analysis software that uses an evolutionary algorithm to find the optimum shape for components, reducing weight and materials without compromising strength.^P24

Dr. Chunlei Guo at University of Rochester uses laser processing to produce superwicking materials that enable more efficient air conditioning. Terrapin worked with Dr. Guo to define the market value of his technology and secure funding.^P54

California-based Blue Planet synthesizes cement additives and other green building materials from waste carbon flue streams to make carbon-negative concrete. Terrapin is working with Blue Planet to identify potential demonstration sites in New York State.^P6

A team at MIT constructed a prototype robotic excavator inspired by the low-drag burrowing of Atlantic razor clams. The excavator could be used for reversible ocean anchoring, subsea cable installation, and ocean sensor placement.^P38

At Cornell University, Dr. Geoff Coates is developing an enzyme-like catalyst to synthesize biodegradable polyesters produced using significantly less energy than conventional polyester. Terrapin worked closely with Dr. Coates to develop research proposals and secure funding.^P51

A team at MIT constructed a prototype robotic excavator inspired by the low-drag burrowing of Atlantic razor clams. The excavator could be used for reversible ocean anchoring, subsea cable installation, and ocean sensor placement.^P38

Licensed to Swedish Biomimetics 3000, μMist^® Platform Technology mimics the high velocity spray valve of the Bombardier Beetle to vaporize liquids using lower pressure than conventional systems. μMist could lead to more efficient combustion engines.^P30

Headquartered in California, BioWorld sells mixes of specialized bacteria that break down hydrocarbons into less harmful chemicals. These products are authorized by the EPA for use on oil spills.^P7

Novomer took inspiration from photosynthetic organisms and developed a process that sequesters carbon by converting waste CO₂ and CO into useful chemical polymers.^P8 Currently, Ford is developing foams and plastics for its vehicles using the technology.^P111

According to a research team at Caltech, jellyfish-inspired pulsed jet propulsion could be 50% more efficient that existing steady-jet propulsion.^P37

When moving through fluids, objects in a “V” formation expend less energy than solo objects.^P36

Terrapin helped secure early funding for research by Dr. Stipanovic at SUNY-ESF. He aims to isolate the digestive enzymes of Red Pandas – which efficiently convert biomass to fermentable sugars—for use in biofuel production.^P27

Dr. Nomura at SUNY-ESF is producing low-embodied energy, keratin‐inspired polymers to be used as crosslinking agents in resins and coatings, replacing petroleum‐derived crosslinkers. Terrapin worked with the research team to find applications for the technology and secure funding.^P47

Terrapin assisted Dr. Dinolfo at RPI in securing funds for research that evaluates the rate and efficacy of an inexpensive catalyst. The catalyst mimics the water-splitting complex in plants and is used in artificial photosynthetic devices, zinc-air batteries, and other oxidation-dependent systems.^P2

Dr. Wan at RIT is developing a leaf-mimicking microfluidic device to convert CO2 into valuable chemical products like methane and methanol. Terrapin helped secure funding for this project.^P3

Inspired by the tungara frog, which produces long-lasting foam nests, engineers at the University of Cincinnati developed a stable foam from one of the frog’s proteins and combined it with photosynthetic enzymes that convert CO2 to sugars and oxygen.^P4

Researchers at Harvard’s Wyss Institute are expanding modified biofilms into a materials platform, with applications in nanoelectronics, industrial biocatalysis, optically active biological coatings, microbial fuel cells, and bioremediation.^P50

Scientists at IBM and Cornell Tech developed a chip inspired by neural networks that increases performance during data-intensive computations and drastically reduces power consumption.^P19

Compound insect eyes can detect movement much faster than traditional cameras. This capacity has inspired novel vision sensors for aerial systems, robotics, high-speed inspection in manufacturing, and other applications.^P17

GE Global Research is using Morpho butterfly wing scale microstructures as inspiration for small, highly sensitive infrared sensors.^P76

Scientists at Sogang University have developed a microporous material inspired by the shell of the Hercules beetle that changes color in response to humidity levels. This material could be used in a low-power humidity sensor.^P73

Inspired by cephalopods, researchers at the Eugene Bell Center in Massachusetts are creating electronic-sensing and color changing sheets. These optical materials may be used in low-power electronic displays.^P74

After studying the photonic properties of the Margaritaria nobilius seed, researchers at MIT developed fibers that change color when stretched.^P75

Fibonacci spirals are a naturally-occurring strategy for packing many units together efficiently. Engineers at MIT have modeled a Fibonacci sequence for reflectors in concentrated solar plants, creating an arrangement that would theoretically reduce land use by 20%.^P12

Researchers found that a radial microstructure inspired by moth eyes increases light extraction of X-ray machine scintillators. This finding may enable lower dose radiation for imaging patients.^P72

Highly fracture-resistant sea sponge spinacles could inspire tougher optical glass fibers manufactured at room temperature.^P70

Metallized spider webs perform better than standard optoelectronic arrays and can be stretched without losing performance. This finding by several academic teams paves the way to next-generation flexible touch screens.^P71

Terrapin assisted Dr. Dinolfo at RPI in securing funds for research that evaluates the rate and efficacy of an inexpensive catalyst. The catalyst mimics the water-splitting complex in plants and is used in artificial photosynthetic devices, zinc-air batteries, and other oxidation-dependent systems.^P2

Dr. Wan at RIT is developing a leaf-mimicking microfluidic device to convert CO2 into valuable chemical products like methane and methanol. Terrapin helped secure funding for this project.^P3

JDSU, a manufacturer based in California, makes brilliant, color-shifting paints that use the thin-film interference phenomenon found in butterfly wings and seashells. The company’s ChromaFlair® paint is used on cars, sports equipment, and building interiors.^P77

California-based Blue Planet synthesizes cement additives and other green building materials from waste carbon flue streams to make carbon-negative concrete. Terrapin is working with Blue Planet to identify potential demonstration sites in New York State.^P6

Dyesol’s dye-sensitized solar cells, which mimic the electron transport chain in photosynthesis, are printed on thin, flexible plastic using non-toxic, low-energy manufacturing.^P78

With assistance from Terrapin, Cornell researcher Dr. Anil Netravali is developing a superhydrophobic coating for high voltage power lines that reduces ice buildup, electrical outages, and costly infrastructure damage during winter storms.^P52

At RPI, Dr. Rich Gross is synthesizing cost-effective, environmentally-friendly bioadhesives designed by mimicking the chemical and mechanistic features of marine mussels’ byssal threads. Terrapin worked with Dr. Gross to differentiate his technology from competitors and secure funding.^P53

Researchers at the Karp Lab in Cambridge, Massachusetts, are developing a sandcastle worm-inspired surgical glue that sets while inside organs.^P57

Sharklet™ surface textures are used on products like medical devices, furniture, and cell phone cases. The plastic coatings have microscopic patterns inspired by sharkskin that repel bacteria without perpetuating antibiotic resistance.^P64

Licensed to Swedish Biomimetics 3000, μMist^® Platform Technology mimics the high velocity spray valve of the Bombardier Beetle to vaporize liquids using lower pressure than conventional systems. μMist could lead to more efficient combustion engines.^P30

Building products manufacturer Sto Corp. developed a hydrophobic acrylic paint that mimics the self-cleaning properties of the lotus leaf.^P67

Developed by Columbia Forest Products, this soy-based glue mimics mussel adhesive. The North American panel manufacturer uses PureBond to laminate plywood without added formaldehyde.^P68

Inspired by the slippery surface of the pitcher plant, this microscopic coating has applications in anti-fouling, heat exchange, and rapid defrosting. SLIPS Technologies was launched in 2014 after incubation at Harvard’s Wyss Institute.^P60

The developers of this highly impact-resistant composite material—inspired by the hard club of the Mantis shrimp—received an acquisition offer that provided initial seed investors a 10x return in only 18 months.^P49

“Dry” vaccines, created by Nova Laboratories in the U.K., do not require refrigeration. The active materials are encased in a sugar matrix, a technique inspired by organisms that undergo anhydrobiosis, or extreme desiccation.^P93

The California-based company Biomatrica developed processes akin to anhydrobiosis, or extreme desiccation, to stabilize fragile biological materials like DNA so they can be stored without refrigeration.^P94

Researchers at the Karp Lab in Cambridge, Massachusetts, are developing a sandcastle worm-inspired surgical glue that sets while inside organs.^P57

Contractions in humpback whale hearts are controlled by nano-fibers that conduct electrical signals through an otherwise non-conductive grease coating the heart. Mimicking this concept using carbon nanowires could lead to a new type of pacemaker.^P46

Inspired by the way bones grow, software developer Altair created structural analysis software that uses an evolutionary algorithm to find the optimum shape for components, reducing weight and materials without compromising strength.^P24

Plastics manufacturer HARBEC incorporated internal cooling channels in its molds, mimicking the flow patterns in dicot leaves, to dissipate heat more effectively. The new molds reduce cooling time and energy consumption by more than 20%. The increase in production speed has allowed HARBEC to fulfill tighter turn-around times.^P92

At Cornell University, Dr. Geoff Coates is developing an enzyme-like catalyst to synthesize biodegradable polyesters produced using significantly less energy than conventional polyester. Terrapin worked closely with Dr. Coates to develop research proposals and secure funding.^P51

Dr. Chunlei Guo at University of Rochester uses laser processing to produce superwicking materials that enable more efficient air conditioning. Terrapin worked with Dr. Guo to define the market value of his technology and secure funding.^P54

Ecovative grows mycelium in molds filled with agricultural waste. The fungi bind the waste fibers together into a solid mass, which is heat treated to produce a biodegradable alternative to harmful synthetic packaging and other products.^P62

Sharklet™ surface textures are used on products like medical devices, furniture, and cell phone cases. The plastic coatings have microscopic patterns inspired by sharkskin that repel bacteria without perpetuating antibiotic resistance.^P64

Novomer took inspiration from photosynthetic organisms and developed a process that sequesters carbon by converting waste CO₂ and CO into useful chemical polymers.^P8 Currently, Ford is developing foams and plastics for its vehicles using the technology.^P111

Dr. Nomura at SUNY-ESF is producing low-embodied energy, keratin‐inspired polymers to be used as crosslinking agents in resins and coatings, replacing petroleum‐derived crosslinkers. Terrapin worked with the research team to find applications for the technology and secure funding.^P47

The developers of this highly impact-resistant composite material—inspired by the hard club of the Mantis shrimp—received an acquisition offer that provided initial seed investors a 10x return in only 18 months.^P49

In Kalundborg, Denmark, over 16 industrial facilities and farms in close proximity exchange materials and energy. One plant’s waste becomes another’s raw material, saving about $15 million a year.^P88

Researchers at Harvard’s Wyss Institute are expanding modified biofilms into a materials platform, with applications in nanoelectronics, industrial biocatalysis, optically active biological coatings, microbial fuel cells, and bioremediation.^P50

Dyesol’s dye-sensitized solar cells, which mimic the electron transport chain in photosynthesis, are printed on thin, flexible plastic using non-toxic, low-energy manufacturing.^P78

Created by Terrapin, the Framework for the Built Ecological Environment, or “Phoebe Framework,” is a suite of tools that use ecosystem-based assessment to: connect humans to natural systems; establish ecological functions and processes on-site, aligning the built environment to regional ecosystems; and integrate larger ecosystem impacts into planning and decision making. Phoebe merges sustainable design with environmental planning, industrial ecology, and restoration ecology.^P85

The form of the Lily Impeller, a highly efficient industrial mixer designed by PAX Scientific, was inspired by the aerodynamic shape of bird wings, rotating maple seeds, and other natural structures.^P43

With assistance from Terrapin, Cornell researcher Dr. Anil Netravali is developing a superhydrophobic coating for high voltage power lines that reduces ice buildup, electrical outages, and costly infrastructure damage during winter storms.^P52

Inspired by the tubercles found on whale fins, WhalePower developed blades with bumps along the leading edges that allow for very high stall angles. Envira-North Systems in Ontario applied the technology to their high volume, low speed Altra-Air fan.^P41

Engineers at Caltech developed algorithms inspired by schooling fish that decrease the amount of space required for vertical axis wind farms without compromising individual turbine efficiency.^P39

Anti-reflective films inspired by the moth eye’s microstructure improve solar panel photo absorption by 5 to 10%.^P80

Licensed to Swedish Biomimetics 3000, μMist^® Platform Technology mimics the high velocity spray valve of the Bombardier Beetle to vaporize liquids using lower pressure than conventional systems. μMist could lead to more efficient combustion engines.^P30

bioWAVE™, a wave energy generator developed by BioPower Systems, mimics the motion of ocean vegetation. The swaying motion generates power through a unique hydraulic system undergoing testing in a 250 kW demonstration project.^P31

Ohio-based Pilus Energy, a subsidiary of Tauriga Sciences, is currently pilot testing its microbial fuel cell technology. As modified bacteria break down organics in wastewater, they produce electricity, treated water, and useful chemical compounds.^P32

BioPower Systems in Australia is developing fishtail-inspired modules that generate power from tidal currents. The fin of each module pivots relative to the direction of the current, creating a swimming motion that generates an electric current.^P29

Advanced Biomimetic Sensors claims that their patented BattCell prototype, inspired by the electric eel, uses a biomimetic membrane to enhance its power density beyond other fuel cell technologies.^P28

Studies of the electric Torpedo ray and frog leg nerve responses led Alessandro Volta to build the first battery, the Voltaic pile, by stacking metal and salt-soaked discs in a similar arrangement to the discs within the fish’s electric organ.^P33

R&D firm Ceralink uses laminated object manufacturing, a rapid prototyping technique, to replicate bioinspired structures for use in clean energy applications. Terrapin worked with Ceralink to secure early-stage funding.^P61

Aquaporin A/S is pilot testing a membrane system embedded with biological water channels that can filter water using 80% less energy than conventional processes.^P100

The Sahara Forest Project, proposed by British firm Exploration Architecture, combines evaporation from Seawater Greenhouses (see Water) with excess heat from adjacent concentrated solar plants in order to create moist microclimates that curb desertification.^P82

Fibonacci spirals are a naturally-occurring strategy for packing many units together efficiently. Engineers at MIT have modeled a Fibonacci sequence for reflectors in concentrated solar plants, creating an arrangement that would theoretically reduce land use by 20%.^P12

Terrapin helped secure early funding for research by Dr. Stipanovic at SUNY-ESF. He aims to isolate the digestive enzymes of Red Pandas – which efficiently convert biomass to fermentable sugars—for use in biofuel production.^P27

The prestin protein in animal ears converts vibrations into electrical signals. IntAct Labs, now Cambrian Innovation, embedded prestin proteins into “skins” that generate electricity from movement and wind.^P26

Terrapin assisted Dr. Dinolfo at RPI in securing funds for research that evaluates the rate and efficacy of an inexpensive catalyst. The catalyst mimics the water-splitting complex in plants and is used in artificial photosynthetic devices, zinc-air batteries, and other oxidation-dependent systems.^P2

Dr. Wan at RIT is developing a leaf-mimicking microfluidic device to convert CO2 into valuable chemical products like methane and methanol. Terrapin helped secure funding for this project.^P3

Inspired by the tungara frog, which produces long-lasting foam nests, engineers at the University of Cincinnati developed a stable foam from one of the frog’s proteins and combined it with photosynthetic enzymes that convert CO2 to sugars and oxygen.^P4

Inspired by the way bones grow, software developer Altair created structural analysis software that uses an evolutionary algorithm to find the optimum shape for components, reducing weight and materials without compromising strength.^P24

Inspired by bee communication, Encycle’s Swarm Logic™ systems reduce a building’s energy draw, especially during peak hours, by using individual wireless controllers that coordinate when HVAC units power on.^P25

Southwest Airlines developed an ant-inspired computing algorithm that drastically reduces the amount of time planes wait for gates to open at airports.^P23

Bios Group, now NuTech Solutions, studied ant foraging to develop a logistics algorithm for industrial supplier Air Liquide. Air Liquide uses the algorithm to manage plant scheduling, weather, and deliveries, which has yielded substantial time and cost savings.^P20

Researchers at Georgia Tech developed an internet server system that adapts to user demand the way bees adapt to changing food sources: by communicating the new locations back to the hive. The system increased one web hosting company’s revenues by 20%.^P18

Artificial immune systems are inspired by the way higher organism immune systems detect foreign bodies and adapt to rid the body of them. These algorithms are used in computer security, robotics, and fault detection.^P21

Scientists at IBM and Cornell Tech developed a chip inspired by neural networks that increases performance during data-intensive computations and drastically reduces power consumption.^P19

Engineers at Michigan State developed a sensor based on a fly’s ear that accurately detects the source of sounds using a mechanical lever system and neuronal signal processing.^P16

Compound insect eyes can detect movement much faster than traditional cameras. This capacity has inspired novel vision sensors for aerial systems, robotics, high-speed inspection in manufacturing, and other applications.^P17

Scientists at Harvard’s Wyss Institute coded 700 terabytes of data into less than one gram of DNA. The scientists believe that with further improvements, all the world’s data (1.8 zettabytes) could theoretically be stored in about 4 grams of DNA.^P15

Autonomous robot swarms, developed by researchers at Harvard’s Wyss Institute, organize themselves into complex shapes using swarm intelligence—a method of computation inspired by swarming organisms like ants, bees, birds, and bacteria.^P14

Volvo is investigating how to incorporate the unique collision avoidance abilities of swarming locusts into crash avoidance sensors for cars.^P13

Researchers at the Weizmann Institute in Israel found that bats track their positions in three dimensions using a donut-shaped coordinate system, which could inspire a new navigation system.^P9

DNA-based computers could theoretically use chemical base pairs as “switches.” This would enable a much more space-efficient, non-toxic form of computing that would pack the computing power of the most powerful supercomputer into a drop of water.^P10

Researchers at Georgia Tech developed an internet server system that adapts to user demand the way bees adapt to changing food sources: by communicating the new locations back to the hive. The system increased one web hosting company’s revenues by 20%.^P18

Scientists at IBM and Cornell Tech developed a chip inspired by neural networks that increases performance during data-intensive computations and drastically reduces power consumption.^P19

Engineers at Michigan State developed a sensor based on a fly’s ear that accurately detects the source of sounds using a mechanical lever system and neuronal signal processing.^P16

DNA-based computers could theoretically use chemical base pairs as “switches.” This would enable a much more space-efficient, non-toxic form of computing that would pack the computing power of the most powerful supercomputer into a drop of water.^P10

Highly fracture-resistant sea sponge spinacles could inspire tougher optical glass fibers manufactured at room temperature.^P70

Global carpet manufacturer Interface developed modular carpet tiles with patterns that can be laid down randomly, without glue, mimicking variegated leaves on a forest floor.^P66

This ubiquitous fastener was inspired by the miniature hooks on seed burrs that allow them to cling to looped fabric.^P69

Biotech startup Modern Meadow uses advanced tissue engineering techniques to make lab-grown leather that is analogous to leather produced from animals.^P59

The Japanese bullet train has a pointed nose inspired by the kingfisher’s beak that reduces noise and power consumption while increasing speed.^P42

Inspired by the way bones grow, software developer Altair created structural analysis software that uses an evolutionary algorithm to find the optimum shape for components, reducing weight and materials without compromising strength.^P24

Southwest Airlines developed an ant-inspired computing algorithm that drastically reduces the amount of time planes wait for gates to open at airports.^P23

Bios Group, now NuTech Solutions, studied ant foraging to develop a logistics algorithm for industrial supplier Air Liquide. Air Liquide uses the algorithm to manage plant scheduling, weather, and deliveries, which has yielded substantial time and cost savings.^P20

Scientists at IBM and Cornell Tech developed a chip inspired by neural networks that increases performance during data-intensive computations and drastically reduces power consumption.^P19

A team at MIT constructed a prototype robotic excavator inspired by the low-drag burrowing of Atlantic razor clams. The excavator could be used for reversible ocean anchoring, subsea cable installation, and ocean sensor placement.^P38

Licensed to Swedish Biomimetics 3000, μMist^® Platform Technology mimics the high velocity spray valve of the Bombardier Beetle to vaporize liquids using lower pressure than conventional systems. μMist could lead to more efficient combustion engines.^P30

Volvo is investigating how to incorporate the unique collision avoidance abilities of swarming locusts into crash avoidance sensors for cars.^P13

Researchers at the Weizmann Institute in Israel found that bats track their positions in three dimensions using a donut-shaped coordinate system, which could inspire a new navigation system.^P9

According to a research team at Caltech, jellyfish-inspired pulsed jet propulsion could be 50% more efficient that existing steady-jet propulsion.^P37

The tree snake Chrysopelea glides from tree to tree by flattening its body and swaying in the air. DARPA funded research on Chrysopelea for possible military applications.^P35

When moving through fluids, objects in a “V” formation expend less energy than solo objects.^P36

Terrapin assisted Dr. Dinolfo at RPI in securing funds for research that evaluates the rate and efficacy of an inexpensive catalyst. The catalyst mimics the water-splitting complex in plants and is used in artificial photosynthetic devices, zinc-air batteries, and other oxidation-dependent systems.^P2

Dr. Wan at RIT is developing a leaf-mimicking microfluidic device to convert CO2 into valuable chemical products like methane and methanol. Terrapin helped secure funding for this project.^P3

In Kalundborg, Denmark, over 16 industrial facilities and farms in close proximity exchange materials and energy. One plant’s waste becomes another’s raw material, saving about $15 million a year.^P88

Inspired by bee communication, Encycle’s Swarm Logic™ systems reduce a building’s energy draw, especially during peak hours, by using individual wireless controllers that coordinate when HVAC units power on.^P25

Created by Terrapin, the Framework for the Built Ecological Environment, or “Phoebe Framework,” is a suite of tools that use ecosystem-based assessment to: connect humans to natural systems; establish ecological functions and processes on-site, aligning the built environment to regional ecosystems; and integrate larger ecosystem impacts into planning and decision making. Phoebe merges sustainable design with environmental planning, industrial ecology, and restoration ecology.^P85

With assistance from Terrapin, Cornell researcher Dr. Anil Netravali is developing a superhydrophobic coating for high voltage power lines that reduces ice buildup, electrical outages, and costly infrastructure damage during winter storms.^P52

Compound insect eyes can detect movement much faster than traditional cameras. This capacity has inspired novel vision sensors for aerial systems, robotics, high-speed inspection in manufacturing, and other applications.^P17

Engineers at Caltech developed algorithms inspired by schooling fish that decrease the amount of space required for vertical axis wind farms without compromising individual turbine efficiency.^P39

bioWAVE™, a wave energy generator developed by BioPower Systems, mimics the motion of ocean vegetation. The swaying motion generates power through a unique hydraulic system undergoing testing in a 250 kW demonstration project.^P31

BioPower Systems in Australia is developing fishtail-inspired modules that generate power from tidal currents. The fin of each module pivots relative to the direction of the current, creating a swimming motion that generates an electric current.^P29

Fibonacci spirals are a naturally-occurring strategy for packing many units together efficiently. Engineers at MIT have modeled a Fibonacci sequence for reflectors in concentrated solar plants, creating an arrangement that would theoretically reduce land use by 20%.^P12

Terrapin assisted Dr. Dinolfo at RPI in securing funds for research that evaluates the rate and efficacy of an inexpensive catalyst. The catalyst mimics the water-splitting complex in plants and is used in artificial photosynthetic devices, zinc-air batteries, and other oxidation-dependent systems.^P2

Dr. Wan at RIT is developing a leaf-mimicking microfluidic device to convert CO2 into valuable chemical products like methane and methanol. Terrapin helped secure funding for this project.^P3

In Kalundborg, Denmark, over 16 industrial facilities and farms in close proximity exchange materials and energy. One plant’s waste becomes another’s raw material, saving about $15 million a year.^P88

“Dry” vaccines, created by Nova Laboratories in the U.K., do not require refrigeration. The active materials are encased in a sugar matrix, a technique inspired by organisms that undergo anhydrobiosis, or extreme desiccation.^P93

Southwest Airlines developed an ant-inspired computing algorithm that drastically reduces the amount of time planes wait for gates to open at airports.^P23

Created by Terrapin, the Framework for the Built Ecological Environment, or “Phoebe Framework,” is a suite of tools that use ecosystem-based assessment to: connect humans to natural systems; establish ecological functions and processes on-site, aligning the built environment to regional ecosystems; and integrate larger ecosystem impacts into planning and decision making. Phoebe merges sustainable design with environmental planning, industrial ecology, and restoration ecology.^P85

The California-based company Biomatrica developed processes akin to anhydrobiosis, or extreme desiccation, to stabilize fragile biological materials like DNA so they can be stored without refrigeration.^P94

Bios Group, now NuTech Solutions, studied ant foraging to develop a logistics algorithm for industrial supplier Air Liquide. Air Liquide uses the algorithm to manage plant scheduling, weather, and deliveries, which has yielded substantial time and cost savings.^P20

Hydroponics and fish farming are combined based on the symbiotic flow of nutrients between the fish and plants. Fish waste provides nutrients to the plants, which filter the water for the fish.^P86

John Todd Ecological Design uses constructed wetlands and aquatic tanks containing various microbes, plants, and aquatic animals to filter wastewater.^P87

In Kalundborg, Denmark, over 16 industrial facilities and farms in close proximity exchange materials and energy. One plant’s waste becomes another’s raw material, saving about $15 million a year.^P88

Researchers at Harvard’s Wyss Institute are expanding modified biofilms into a materials platform, with applications in nanoelectronics, industrial biocatalysis, optically active biological coatings, microbial fuel cells, and bioremediation.^P50

This closed-loop recycling scheme uses waste products like cardboard from restaurants to make products like caviar from farmed sturgeon. The concept could be replicated with other interrelated products to reduce waste and save energy and money.^P83

Ecovative grows mycelium in molds filled with agricultural waste. The fungi bind the waste fibers together into a solid mass, which is heat treated to produce a biodegradable alternative to harmful synthetic packaging and other products.^P62

Inspired by fruit and vegetable peels, WikiPearls™, developed by WikiFoods, Inc., seal food and beverages in bite-sized, edible “wrappers” that obviate plastic packaging.^P65

Biolytix markets a household wastewater treatment system that relies on worms and other organisms to filter water and break down sewage. The system uses no toxic chemicals and 90% less energy than conventional aerated sewage treatment systems.^P101

Headquartered in California, BioWorld sells mixes of specialized bacteria that break down hydrocarbons into less harmful chemicals. These products are authorized by the EPA for use on oil spills.^P7

The Sahara Forest Project, proposed by British firm Exploration Architecture, combines evaporation from Seawater Greenhouses (see Water) with excess heat from adjacent concentrated solar plants in order to create moist microclimates that curb desertification.^P82

Terrapin helped secure early funding for research by Dr. Stipanovic at SUNY-ESF. He aims to isolate the digestive enzymes of Red Pandas – which efficiently convert biomass to fermentable sugars—for use in biofuel production.^P27

Scientists at Georgia Tech patented the use of biological enzymes that break down harmful carbon compounds into valuable chemicals.^P5

Hydroponics and fish farming are combined based on the symbiotic flow of nutrients between the fish and plants. Fish waste provides nutrients to the plants, which filter the water for the fish.^P86

John Todd Ecological Design uses constructed wetlands and aquatic tanks containing various microbes, plants, and aquatic animals to filter wastewater.^P87

In Kalundborg, Denmark, over 16 industrial facilities and farms in close proximity exchange materials and energy. One plant’s waste becomes another’s raw material, saving about $15 million a year.^P88

Created by Terrapin, the Framework for the Built Ecological Environment, or “Phoebe Framework,” is a suite of tools that use ecosystem-based assessment to: connect humans to natural systems; establish ecological functions and processes on-site, aligning the built environment to regional ecosystems; and integrate larger ecosystem impacts into planning and decision making. Phoebe merges sustainable design with environmental planning, industrial ecology, and restoration ecology.^P85

The form of the Lily Impeller, a highly efficient industrial mixer designed by PAX Scientific, was inspired by the aerodynamic shape of bird wings, rotating maple seeds, and other natural structures.^P43

Licensed to Swedish Biomimetics 3000, μMist^® Platform Technology mimics the high velocity spray valve of the Bombardier Beetle to vaporize liquids using lower pressure than conventional systems. μMist could lead to more efficient combustion engines.^P30

Ohio-based Pilus Energy, a subsidiary of Tauriga Sciences, is currently pilot testing its microbial fuel cell technology. As modified bacteria break down organics in wastewater, they produce electricity, treated water, and useful chemical compounds.^P32

Aquaporin A/S is pilot testing a membrane system embedded with biological water channels that can filter water using 80% less energy than conventional processes.^P100

Biolytix markets a household wastewater treatment system that relies on worms and other organisms to filter water and break down sewage. The system uses no toxic chemicals and 90% less energy than conventional aerated sewage treatment systems.^P101

Inspired by the way the Namib beetle collects water from fog, Seawater Greenhouses use cold seawater, air movement and solar radiation to condense and collect fresh water for crops.^P99

Researchers at MIT and Pontifical Catholic University of Chile have designed specialized fog mesh nets that condense and capture 10% of the water in fog, a strategy inspired by how some Chilean organisms collect water from fog.^P98

Headquartered in California, BioWorld sells mixes of specialized bacteria that break down hydrocarbons into less harmful chemicals. These products are authorized by the EPA for use on oil spills.^P7

The spines of the cactus Opuntia microdasys have specialized structures that can collect and funnel fog droplets into its base, prompting interest in fog harvesting devices that mimic the spines’ structures.^P96

Taking inspiration from the material-efficient structures of organisms like sand dollars, architect Achim Menges constructed a bubble-like pavilion using interlocking timber panels.^P55

Developed by Columbia Forest Products, this soy-based glue mimics mussel adhesive. The North American panel manufacturer uses PureBond to laminate plywood without added formaldehyde.^P68